Compound Encyclopedia

231 Compounds. Mechanism-Level Detail.

Every compound includes mechanism of action, evidence-based dosing protocols, interactions, contraindications, and side effects. Built from primary literature, not blog posts.

Adaptogens Amino Acids Growth Factors Hormones Minerals Nootropics Peptides Pharmaceuticals SARMs Supplements Training Compounds Vitamins

Adaptogens (12)

Ashwagandha (KSM-66)

Ashwagandha's primary bioactives are withanolides (particularly withaferin A and withanolide D). KSM-66 is a full-spectrum root extract standardized to >5% withanolides. It modulat…

Evidence: strong_human

Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus)

Contains cycloastragenol and astragaloside IV which activate telomerase (hTERT). Adaptogenic — modulates immune function, reduces inflammation, and supports cardiovascular health. …

Evidence: Moderate

Cistanche (Cistanche tubulosa)

Desert plant extract containing echinacoside and acteoside that support testosterone via LH stimulation, enhance neurogenesis via BDNF upregulation, and improve gut microbiome comp…

Evidence: Moderate (preclinical strong, human emerging)

Cordyceps Militaris

Cordyceps contains cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) and adenosine, which modulate purinergic signaling. Cordycepin activates AMPK, inhibits mTOR, and modulates adenosine receptors (A…

Evidence: moderate_human

Fadogia Agrestis

Fadogia agrestis stem extract contains saponins and alkaloids that appear to increase luteinizing hormone (LH) release from the anterior pituitary, stimulating Leydig cell testoste…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

Holy Basil (Tulsi)

Holy Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) contains eugenol, rosmarinic acid, ursolic acid, and ocimumosides. Eugenol inhibits COX-2 and 5-LOX, providing anti-inflammatory effects. Ursolic ac…

Evidence: moderate_human

Maca Root (Gelatinized)

Maca (Lepidium meyenii) contains unique macamides and macaenes (fatty acid derivatives), glucosinolates, and alkaloids. Unlike most adaptogens, maca does not directly affect testos…

Evidence: moderate_human

Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum)

Reishi contains triterpenoids (ganoderic acids, >130 identified) and polysaccharides (beta-glucans). Ganoderic acids inhibit histamine release, 5-alpha-reductase (DHT reduction), a…

Evidence: moderate_human

Rhodiola Rosea

Rhodiola's key bioactives are rosavin (unique to R. rosea), salidroside, and tyrosol. It modulates the HPA axis stress response by inhibiting cortisol release and stress-activated …

Evidence: moderate_human

Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis)

Schisandra berries contain lignans (schisandrin A, B, C; gomisin A, N) that are the primary bioactives. Schisandrin B is a potent inducer of hepatic Phase I (CYP450) and Phase II (…

Evidence: moderate_human

Shilajit

Shilajit is a mineral-rich exudate containing fulvic acid (60-80%), dibenzo-alpha-pyrones (DBPs), and over 85 minerals in ionic form. Fulvic acid acts as an electron shuttle in mit…

Evidence: moderate_human

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia)

Tongkat Ali contains quassinoids (eurycomanone, eurycomanol) and bioactive peptides (eurypeptides). Primary mechanisms: reduces SHBG binding, freeing testosterone; inhibits aromata…

Evidence: moderate_human

Amino Acids (10)

Beta-Alanine

Beta-alanine is the rate-limiting precursor for carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) synthesis in skeletal muscle. Carnosine functions as an intracellular pH buffer, neutralizing hy…

Evidence: strong_human

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)

GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, activating GABA-A receptors (ligand-gated chloride ion channels, causing rapid inhibition) and GABA-B receptors (G-prote…

Evidence: moderate_human

Glycine

Glycine is the simplest amino acid with profound neurological and metabolic roles. It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter acting at glycine receptors (strychnine-sensitive) in the br…

Evidence: strong_human

HMB (Beta-Hydroxy Beta-Methylbutyrate)

HMB is a metabolite of leucine (produced endogenously at ~0.3g/day from typical leucine intake). It reduces proteolysis by inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway a…

Evidence: strong_human

L-Carnitine (ALCAR / Acetyl-L-Carnitine)

L-Carnitine's primary function is transporting long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane via the carnitine shuttle (CPT-I/CPT-II system) for beta-oxidation. Ac…

Evidence: strong_human

L-Citrulline

L-Citrulline is converted to L-arginine in the kidneys via argininosuccinate synthase and argininosuccinate lyase (bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism that degrades oral L-argi…

Evidence: strong_human

L-Glutamine

L-Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in plasma and skeletal muscle. It is the primary fuel source for enterocytes (intestinal epithelial cells) and rapidly dividing immune c…

Evidence: strong_human

L-Theanine

L-Theanine (gamma-glutamylethylamide) crosses the blood-brain barrier via the large neutral amino acid transporter. It increases alpha brain wave activity (8-13 Hz, associated with…

Evidence: strong_human

L-Tyrosine

L-Tyrosine is the precursor amino acid for catecholamine neurotransmitter synthesis: tyrosine hydroxylase converts tyrosine to L-DOPA (rate-limiting step), which is then converted …

Evidence: strong_human

Taurine

Taurine is a sulfonic acid amino acid (not incorporated into proteins) with diverse physiological roles. It is the most abundant free amino acid in excitable tissues (heart, brain,…

Evidence: strong_human

Growth Factors (9)

AOD-9604

AOD-9604 is a synthetic 16-amino acid fragment (residues 176-191) of the C-terminal domain of human growth hormone with a tyrosine substitution at the N-terminus. It selectively st…

Evidence: moderate_human

Epitalon

Synthetic tetrapeptide studied in Russian longevity literature for pineal signaling, circadian regulation, and telomerase-related hypotheses.

Evidence: Emerging

GHK-Cu

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) that modulates gene expression affecting 31.2% of human genes. It activates Wnt/beta-catenin …

Evidence: moderate_human

HGH (Somatropin)

Human Growth Hormone (somatropin) is a 191-amino acid single-chain polypeptide produced by anterior pituitary somatotrophs. It binds the GH receptor (GHR), activating JAK2-STAT5 si…

Evidence: strong_human

IGF-1 LR3

IGF-1 LR3 (Long Arginine 3-IGF-1) is an 83-amino acid synthetic analog of IGF-1 with an arginine substitution at position 3 and 13 additional N-terminal amino acids. These modifica…

Evidence: moderate_human

MGF (Mechano Growth Factor)

MGF is the E domain peptide of the IGF-1Ec splice variant, produced when the IGF-1 gene is mechanically spliced in response to muscle damage or exercise. It activates satellite cel…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

PEG-MGF

Pegylated mechano growth factor analog discussed in muscle repair and hypertrophy contexts with limited human evidence.

Evidence: Preclinical

PEG-MGF (Pegylated Mechano Growth Factor)

PEG-MGF is the pegylated form of Mechano Growth Factor, where polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules are covalently attached to protect against rapid enzymatic breakdown. This extends…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

Thymosin Alpha-1

Thymosin Alpha-1 is a 28-amino acid peptide naturally produced by the thymus that acts as a pleiotropic immune modulator through Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9) …

Evidence: strong_human

Hormones (19)

17-alpha-Estradiol

Non-feminizing estrogen that extends lifespan in male mice via metabolic improvements. Reduces hepatic mTOR signaling, improves glucose homeostasis, and reduces inflammation withou…

Evidence: Preclinical

Anastrozole

Anastrozole is a potent, selective, non-steroidal third-generation aromatase inhibitor that competitively binds the heme group of cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19A1), blocking the …

Evidence: strong_human

Arimistane

Suicidal aromatase-modulating compound marketed to reduce estrogen conversion, though evidence quality and product purity vary.

Evidence: Low

Clomiphene (Clomid)

Clomiphene citrate is a racemic mixture of enclomiphene (trans-isomer, estrogen antagonist) and zuclomiphene (cis-isomer, weak estrogen agonist) that acts as a selective estrogen r…

Evidence: moderate_human

Desiccated Thyroid

Porcine-derived thyroid preparation containing both T4 and T3, used in selected combination thyroid protocols.

Evidence: Moderate

Enclomiphene

Enclomiphene is the purified trans-isomer of clomiphene citrate that acts as a selective estrogen receptor antagonist at the hypothalamus and pituitary without the estrogenic agoni…

Evidence: moderate_human

Growth Hormone (Somatropin)

Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH/somatropin) is a 191-amino acid protein identical to endogenous GH. It binds the GH receptor (GHR), a type I cytokine receptor, activating th…

Evidence: strong_human

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

LH receptor agonist that stimulates intratesticular testosterone production and can help preserve fertility signaling in selected male hormone protocols.

Evidence: Strong

Levothyroxine (T4)

Synthetic thyroxine used to replace or augment thyroid hormone in hypothyroid states.

Evidence: Strong

Liothyronine (T3)

Synthetic triiodothyronine that directly raises active thyroid hormone signaling.

Evidence: Strong

Micronized Progesterone

Bioidentical progesterone used to support luteal balance, sleep architecture, and selected HRT protocols.

Evidence: Strong

Nandrolone (Deca-Durabolin)

Nandrolone decanoate is a 19-nortestosterone derivative that binds the androgen receptor with high affinity but undergoes 5-alpha reduction to dihydronandrolone (DHN), a weaker and…

Evidence: moderate_human

Oxandrolone (Anavar)

Oxandrolone is a synthetic 17-alpha-alkylated dihydrotestosterone (DHT) derivative with a modified A-ring (replacement of C2 with an oxygen atom) that confers high anabolic-to-andr…

Evidence: strong_human

Prasterone (DHEA)

Adrenal steroid precursor that can increase downstream androgenic and estrogenic metabolites depending on individual enzyme activity.

Evidence: Moderate

Testosterone Cypionate

Testosterone cypionate is an esterified prodrug of testosterone that undergoes hydrolysis in vivo to release free testosterone. It binds the androgen receptor (AR), activating geno…

Evidence: strong_human

Testosterone Enanthate

Testosterone enanthate is a long-acting esterified testosterone prodrug with a heptanoic acid ester at the 17-beta hydroxyl group, extending its half-life to approximately 4.5-5 da…

Evidence: strong_human

Testosterone Propionate

Testosterone propionate is a short-acting esterified testosterone with a propionic acid ester, resulting in a half-life of approximately 0.8-1.5 days. Rapid hydrolysis by serum est…

Evidence: strong_human

Thyroid (Levothyroxine / Liothyronine T3/T4)

Levothyroxine (T4) is a prohormone converted to the active triiodothyronine (T3) by type 1 and type 2 deiodinase enzymes (DIO1/DIO2) in peripheral tissues. T3 binds nuclear thyroid…

Evidence: strong_human

hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

hCG mimics luteinizing hormone (LH) by binding the LH/CG receptor on testicular Leydig cells, activating the cAMP-PKA signaling cascade that upregulates steroidogenic acute regulat…

Evidence: strong_human

Minerals (12)

Boron

Boron influences calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus metabolism, likely through effects on cell membrane function and transmembrane signaling. It reduces urinary calcium and magnesi…

Evidence: moderate_human

Chromium Picolinate

Chromium potentiates insulin signaling by enhancing insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity, likely through the chromodulin (low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance) path…

Evidence: moderate_human

Copper (as Copper Bisglycinate)

Copper is a cofactor for critical cuproenzymes: cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV, mitochondrial respiration), Cu/Zn-SOD (superoxide dismutation), ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase — conve…

Evidence: strong_human

Iodine (from Kelp or Potassium Iodide)

Iodine is the essential substrate for thyroid hormone synthesis. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) uses iodine to iodinate tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, producing monoiodotyrosine (MI…

Evidence: strong_human

Iron Bisglycinate

Iron is essential for hemoglobin (oxygen transport), myoglobin (muscle oxygen storage), cytochrome enzymes (electron transport chain — Complexes I, II, III, IV), cytochrome P450 en…

Evidence: strong_human

Magnesium Glycinate

Magnesium is a cofactor for >600 enzymatic reactions including all ATP-dependent reactions (Mg-ATP is the true substrate), DNA/RNA polymerases, and ion channel regulation. Magnesiu…

Evidence: strong_human

Magnesium L-Threonate

Magnesium L-threonate (Magtein) was specifically developed by MIT researchers to cross the blood-brain barrier efficiently. L-threonate, a metabolite of vitamin C, acts as a carrie…

Evidence: moderate_human

Manganese

Manganese is a cofactor for manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD/SOD2, the primary mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme), arginase (urea cycle), pyruvate carboxylase (gluconeogenesis)…

Evidence: moderate_human

Molybdenum

Molybdenum is the essential cofactor for three human enzymes: sulfite oxidase (converts toxic sulfite to sulfate — critical for sulfur amino acid metabolism), xanthine oxidase (pur…

Evidence: moderate_human

Potassium (Citrate)

Potassium is the principal intracellular cation, maintaining resting membrane potential (-70 to -90mV) via the Na+/K+-ATPase pump (3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in per ATP). It is essential for:…

Evidence: strong_human

Selenium (Selenomethionine)

Selenium is incorporated as selenocysteine (the 21st amino acid) into 25 selenoproteins. Key enzymes: glutathione peroxidases (GPx1-4, reduce hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperox…

Evidence: strong_human

Zinc Picolinate

Zinc is a cofactor for >300 enzymes and is a structural component of >2000 transcription factors (zinc finger proteins). It is essential for: immune function (T-cell maturation, NK…

Evidence: strong_human

Nootropics (24)

Adrafinil

Inactive prodrug that is hepatically metabolized to modafinil (via hepatic amidase enzymes) and its inactive acid metabolite modafinilic acid. The active metabolite modafinil then …

Evidence: moderate_human

Alpha-GPC

Highly bioavailable choline source that crosses the blood-brain barrier efficiently via passive diffusion. Serves as a direct precursor for acetylcholine synthesis and phosphatidyl…

Evidence: strong_human

Aniracetam

Potent positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors with 5-10x the potency of piracetam, slowing both channel closing rate and microscopic desensitization rates. Also modulates …

Evidence: moderate_human

Armodafinil

The isolated R-enantiomer of racemic modafinil, sharing the same primary mechanism — selective inhibition of the dopamine transporter (DAT) — but with distinct pharmacokinetics. Th…

Evidence: strong_human

Bacopa Monnieri

Active triterpenoid saponins (bacosides A and B) provide multifaceted neuroprotection: inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and activation of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) …

Evidence: strong_human

CDP-Choline (Citicoline)

Prodrug that is hydrolyzed to choline and cytidine upon oral ingestion. Choline supports acetylcholine synthesis and phosphatidylcholine membrane repair. Cytidine is converted to u…

Evidence: strong_human

Celastrus Paniculatus

Seed oil contains sesquiterpenes, alkaloids (celastrine, paniculatin), and polyunsaturated fatty acids that demonstrate dose-dependent cholinergic activity by inhibiting acetylchol…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

Coluracetam

Enhances high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) via a unique mechanism distinct from other racetams — it increases HACU even in damaged cholinergic neurons, suggesting a choline uptak…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

DMAE (Dimethylaminoethanol)

Structural analog of choline that crosses the BBB more readily than choline itself. Paradoxically increases choline availability not by serving as a direct precursor to acetylcholi…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

Fasoracetam

Non-classical racetam that modulates all three groups of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR Groups I, II, and III) and upregulates GABA-B receptors — a unique mechanism that d…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

Ginkgo Biloba

Standardized extract (EGb 761) contains flavonoid glycosides (24%) and terpene lactones (6% — ginkgolides A/B/C and bilobalide) that act through multiple pathways: potent free radi…

Evidence: strong_human

Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica)

Pentacyclic triterpenes — asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid — provide neuroprotection through multiple mechanisms: inhibition of acetylcholinesterase a…

Evidence: moderate_human

Huperzine A

Potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), derived from the club moss Huperzia serrata. Exhibits preference for the tetrameric G4 form of AChE pred…

Evidence: strong_human

Lion's Mane (Hericium erinaceus)

Contains hericenones (fruiting body) and erinacines (mycelium) that stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis in glial cells via activation of the JNK pathway. Erinacines cross…

Evidence: moderate_human

Modafinil

Atypical eugeroic (wakefulness-promoting agent) that primarily inhibits the dopamine transporter (DAT), increasing extracellular dopamine in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accum…

Evidence: strong_human

NSI-189

Benzylpiperizine-aminopyridine compound that stimulates neurogenesis of human hippocampus-derived neural stem cells in vitro and increases hippocampal volume in vivo. Mechanism is …

Evidence: moderate_human

Oxiracetam

Modulates cholinergic neurotransmission by preventing scopolamine-induced decreases of acetylcholine in the hippocampus and cortex. Enhances D-aspartate release and modulates AMPA …

Evidence: moderate_human

Panax Ginseng

Ginsenosides (primarily Rg1, Rb1, Re) are amphipathic steroidal saponins that modulate multiple neurotransmitter systems: enhancement of cholinergic transmission via increased acet…

Evidence: moderate_human

Phenibut

Beta-phenyl derivative of GABA that crosses the blood-brain barrier (unlike GABA itself) due to the addition of a phenyl ring. Acts as a full agonist at GABA-B receptors with 30-68…

Evidence: moderate_human

Phenylpiracetam

Atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor with additional phenethylamine-like stimulatory properties. Increases the density of acetylcholine, NMDA, GABA, and dopamine receptors in the b…

Evidence: moderate_human

Piracetam

Positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors, binding at a unique site along the dimer interface to reduce desensitization and deactivation. Inhibits N-type calcium channels at …

Evidence: moderate_human

Pramiracetam

Potently stimulates high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) in hippocampal synaptosomes, the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis. This profoundly enhances cholinergic neurotr…

Evidence: moderate_human

Sabroxy (Oroxylum indicum)

Contains oroxylin A — a flavonoid that inhibits PDE (phosphodiesterase), increases BDNF, and modulates dopamine signaling. Enhances focus and motivation without stimulant side effe…

Evidence: Emerging

Vinpocetine

Semi-synthetic derivative of vincamine (from Vinca minor/periwinkle) that selectively inhibits phosphodiesterase type 1 (PDE1) in cerebral vasculature, increasing cAMP and cGMP lev…

Evidence: moderate_human

Peptides (30)

5-Amino-1MQ

5-Amino-1MQ is a small molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to nic…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

BPC-157

BPC-157 is a 15-amino acid peptide derived from human gastric juice that promotes angiogenesis via dual VEGFR2-dependent (PI3K-Akt-eNOS) and VEGF-independent (Src-Caveolin-1-eNOS) …

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

BPC-157 (Oral Stable Form)

Oral-stable BPC-157, typically formulated as the arginate salt, retains the same mechanism as standard BPC-157 — promoting angiogenesis via VEGFR2/PI3K/Akt/eNOS and Src-Caveolin-1-…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

CJC-1295 (with DAC)

CJC-1295 with DAC (Drug Affinity Complex) is a synthetic 30-amino acid GHRH analog with four amino acid substitutions rendering it resistant to DPP-IV proteolytic inactivation. The…

Evidence: moderate_human

CJC-1295 (without DAC / Mod GRF 1-29)

Mod GRF 1-29 (Modified Growth Hormone Releasing Factor, amino acids 1-29) is a truncated and modified GHRH analog that binds to GHRH receptors on anterior pituitary somatotrophs, a…

Evidence: moderate_human

Cerebrolysin

Cerebrolysin is a porcine brain-derived peptide preparation containing a standardized mixture of low-molecular-weight neuropeptides (<10 kDa) and free amino acids obtained through …

Evidence: moderate_human

DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide)

DSIP is a naturally occurring nonapeptide (Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu) originally isolated from rabbit brain hypothalamus in 1977. It modulates GABAergic neurotransmission…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

Dihexa

Dihexa (N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6)-aminohexanoic amide) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable oligopeptide derived from angiotensin IV. It binds hepatocyte growth factor (…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

Epitalon (Epithalon)

Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly / AEDG) is a synthetic tetrapeptide based on the natural pineal gland peptide epithalamin. It activates telomerase by inducing expression of the catalytic…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

FOXO4-DRI

FOXO4-DRI is a D-retro-inverso peptide that selectively targets the FOXO4-p53 protein-protein interaction in senescent cells. In senescence, FOXO4 binds p53's disordered transactiv…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

GHK (without copper)

GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) is a naturally occurring tripeptide found in human plasma, saliva, and urine that has an extremely high affinity for copper(II) ions. Even without …

Evidence: moderate_human

GHRP-2

GHRP-2 (Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2) is a synthetic hexapeptide GHS-R1a agonist that is the most potent of the GHRP family for GH release. It stimulates pituitary GH secreti…

Evidence: moderate_human

GHRP-6

GHRP-6 (Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6) is a synthetic hexapeptide that stimulates GH release through activation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a/ghrelin re…

Evidence: moderate_human

Hexarelin

Hexarelin (Examorelin) is a synthetic hexapeptide GHS-R1a agonist and the most potent synthetic GH secretagogue by peak GH release. It stimulates GH release through both pituitary …

Evidence: moderate_human

Humanin

Humanin is a 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded by the 16S rRNA gene of mitochondrial DNA. It binds IGFBP-3 with high affinity (via Phe-6), interfering with IGFBP-…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

Ipamorelin

Ipamorelin is a pentapeptide (Aib-His-D-2-Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) that acts as the first selective growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a/ghrelin receptor) agonist. Unlike other …

Evidence: moderate_human

KPV

KPV (Lysine-Proline-Valine) is a C-terminal tripeptide fragment of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) that inhibits NF-kB signaling through a non-melanocortin recepto…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

Kisspeptin-10

Kisspeptin-10 is the 10-amino acid C-terminal fragment of the kisspeptin family that signals directly to GnRH neurons through the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R/GPR54), triggering GnR…

Evidence: moderate_human

LL-37 (Cathelicidin)

LL-37 is a 37-residue amphipathic helical antimicrobial peptide, the only human cathelicidin, that kills bacteria by forming tetrameric channels that perforate cytoplasmic membrane…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

MOTS-c

MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded by the 12S rRNA gene of the mitochondrial genome. It primarily acts through the folate-AICAR-AMPK pathway: by regula…

Evidence: Emerging (strong preclinical)

Melanotan II

Melanotan II is a synthetic cyclic analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) that non-selectively agonizes melanocortin receptors MC1, MC3, MC4, and MC5. MC1R acti…

Evidence: moderate_human

P21 (Cerebrolysin Analog)

P21 is a tetrapeptide (DGGL — Asp-Gly-Gly-Leu) derived from the most active region of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF, residues 148-151), identified through reverse engineering o…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

PT-141 (Bremelanotide)

PT-141 (Bremelanotide) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin analog that acts as an agonist at MC3R and MC4R melanocortin receptors, with higher affinity for MC4R. It enh…

Evidence: strong_human

Pentadeca Arginate (PDA)

Pentadeca Arginate is a synthetic 15-amino acid peptide utilizing an arginate salt formulation of the BPC-157 sequence, designed to enhance nitric oxide production and promote angi…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

SS-31 (Elamipretide)

SS-31 (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2, also known as elamipretide/Bendavia) is a cell-permeable tetrapeptide that localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane and binds cardiolipin via ele…

Evidence: Emerging (Phase 2/3 trials)

Selank

Selank (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro) is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of the immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin (from IgG heavy chain) with a Pro-Gly-Pro extension for metabolic st…

Evidence: moderate_human

Semax

Semax (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of the ACTH(4-10) fragment that rapidly upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its signalin…

Evidence: moderate_human

Sermorelin

Sermorelin is a synthetic 29-amino acid peptide representing the biologically active fragment of GHRH (amino acids 1-29) with full functional activity. It activates GHRH receptors …

Evidence: strong_human

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)

TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of Thymosin Beta-4, a 43-amino acid protein that sequesters G-actin monomers, preventing premature polymerization and facilitating cellular migration…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

Tesamorelin

Tesamorelin is an FDA-approved synthetic 44-amino acid GHRH analog with a trans-3-hexenoic acid modification at the N-terminal tyrosine that confers resistance to DPP-IV degradatio…

Evidence: Strong (FDA-approved indication), Moderate (longevity)

Pharmaceuticals (19)

Acarbose

Acarbose is a complex oligosaccharide that competitively inhibits alpha-glucosidase enzymes (maltase, isomaltase, sucrase, glucoamylase) in the brush border of the small intestinal…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

Bupropion SR

Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor used clinically for mood, motivation, and smoking cessation.

Evidence: Strong

Canagliflozin

SGLT2 inhibitor originally developed for type 2 diabetes. Blocks glucose reabsorption in kidneys, creating a mild glucose deficit that activates AMPK and mimics caloric restriction…

Evidence: Moderate (longevity), Strong (cardiorenal)

Dasatinib + Quercetin (Senolytic Stack)

Dasatinib is a multi-kinase inhibitor (targeting SRC, ABL, c-KIT, PDGFR, and ephrin receptors) originally developed for chronic myeloid leukemia. Quercetin is a natural flavonoid t…

Evidence: moderate_human

Fisetin

Fisetin is a naturally occurring flavonol (3,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone) found in strawberries, apples, and persimmons that acts as a senolytic by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR sur…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

Low-Dose Naltrexone

Transient opioid receptor blockade that may increase endogenous endorphin signaling and modulate immune tone in off-label protocols.

Evidence: Emerging

Metformin

Metformin activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) via inhibition of mitochondrial Complex I, increasing the AMP/ATP ratio. AMPK activation triggers a cascade of metabolic eff…

Evidence: strong_human

Metformin XR

AMPK-activating insulin sensitizer that reduces hepatic glucose output and improves glycemic control. Also used in longevity-oriented discussion due metabolic effects.

Evidence: Strong

Methylene Blue (Pharmaceutical Grade)

Alternative electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Bypasses Complex I and III dysfunction by shuttling electrons directly to Complex IV (cytochrome c oxida…

Evidence: Moderate (cognitive), Strong (mitochondrial mechanism)

Nebivolol

Beta-1 selective blocker with nitric-oxide-supportive vasodilatory properties used in hypertension management.

Evidence: Strong

Rapamycin (Sirolimus)

Rapamycin binds the intracellular protein FKBP12, and the rapamycin-FKBP12 complex inhibits mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a serine/threonine kinase that integ…

Evidence: Strong (preclinical), Emerging (human longevity)

Retatrutide

Triple incretin agonist (GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptor). Combines appetite suppression and insulin sensitization of GLP-1 with the thermogenic and lipolytic effects of glucagon recep…

Evidence: Emerging (Phase 3 ongoing)

Selegiline

Selective MAO-B inhibitor that raises dopaminergic tone at lower doses and is used clinically in Parkinson's disease and select mood protocols.

Evidence: Strong

Semaglutide

Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist with 94% structural homology to native GLP-1, modified with amino acid substitutions and a C-18 fatty acid chain that enables albumin bindin…

Evidence: Strong (FDA-approved)

Spermidine

Spermidine is an endogenous polyamine that induces autophagy primarily through inhibition of the acetyltransferase EP300 (p300), leading to hypoacetylation of multiple autophagy-re…

Evidence: moderate_human

Tadalafil

PDE5 inhibitor that improves nitric oxide signaling, erectile function, and selected vascular-performance outcomes.

Evidence: Strong

Telmisartan

Angiotensin receptor blocker with partial PPAR-delta activity that supports blood-pressure control and metabolic resilience.

Evidence: Strong

Tesofensine

Tesofensine (NS2330) is a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor with affinity for dopamine (DAT), serotonin (SERT), and norepinephrine (NET) transporters. It suppresses appetite thro…

Evidence: moderate_human

Tirzepatide

Dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist. Enhances insulin secretion, reduces glucagon, slows gastric emptying, and acts on hypothalamic appetite centers. Produces greater weight loss than …

Evidence: Strong (FDA-approved)

SARMs (8)

Cardarine (GW-501516)

Cardarine is a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARd) agonist, not a SARM (it does not bind the androgen receptor). PPARd activation in skeletal muscle …

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

LGD-4033 (Ligandrol)

LGD-4033 is a potent nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator with high AR binding affinity (Ki of approximately 1 nM). It demonstrates strong anabolic activity in muscle…

Evidence: moderate_human

MK-677 (Ibutamoren)

MK-677 (ibutamoren) is an orally active, non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue that mimics ghrelin by binding the ghrelin receptor (GHSR1a) in the hypothalamus and pituitary. Thi…

Evidence: moderate_human

Ostarine (MK-2866 / Enobosarm)

Ostarine (enobosarm/GTx-024) is a nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator that binds the androgen receptor with high affinity, inducing a conformational change that recr…

Evidence: moderate_human

RAD-140 (Testolone)

RAD-140 is a potent nonsteroidal SARM with high oral bioavailability and selectivity for muscle and bone AR over prostate. It acts as a full agonist at the AR in muscle tissue, pro…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

S-23

S-23 is one of the most potent nonsteroidal SARMs developed, originally investigated by GTx, Inc. as a potential male hormonal contraceptive. It binds the androgen receptor with ve…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

SR-9009 (Stenabolic)

SR-9009 is a synthetic agonist of REV-ERBa and REV-ERBb, nuclear receptors that form the repressive limb of the circadian clock and regulate metabolic gene expression. REV-ERB acti…

Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal

YK-11

YK-11 is a synthetic steroidal compound classified as a gene-selective partial agonist of the androgen receptor. Uniquely among SARMs, YK-11 does not induce the N/C terminal intera…

Evidence: theoretical

Supplements (57)

Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA)

ALA is a dithiol compound that functions as a cofactor for mitochondrial alpha-keto acid dehydrogenases (pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase). Both ALA and it…

Evidence: strong_human

Apigenin

Flavonoid (found in chamomile, parsley) that inhibits CD38, the primary NAD+-consuming enzyme. Also a potent aromatase inhibitor and anxiolytic via GABA-A modulation. Supports NAD+…

Evidence: Moderate

Astaxanthin

Astaxanthin spans the entire cell membrane bilayer due to its unique molecular structure (polar end groups with a polyene chain), providing antioxidant protection on both the inner…

Evidence: moderate_human

Benfotiamine

Lipid-soluble thiamine derivative that improves cellular thiamine availability and helps reduce advanced glycation stress in high-glucose environments.

Evidence: Moderate

Berberine

Berberine activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the master metabolic sensor, mimicking many effects of caloric restriction and exercise. It inhibits mitochondrial Complex …

Evidence: strong_human

Black Seed Oil (Nigella sativa)

Contains thymoquinone as active compound. Anti-inflammatory via NF-kB inhibition, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective. Improves blood sugar regulation via AMPK activation. Supports …

Evidence: Moderate

Bromelain

Proteolytic enzyme complex from pineapple stems. Anti-inflammatory via modulation of prostaglandin synthesis, fibrinolytic, and anti-edematous. Degrades fibrin and reduces blood vi…

Evidence: Moderate

Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG)

AKG is a TCA cycle intermediate that declines with age. Supplementation reduces inflammatory cytokines, improves stem cell function, and extends healthspan in mice. Calcium salt fo…

Evidence: Moderate (healthspan), Emerging (human longevity)

Calcium D-Glucarate

Calcium D-glucarate is the calcium salt of D-glucaric acid, which is metabolized to D-glucaro-1,4-lactone (the active metabolite). This lactone inhibits beta-glucuronidase, the bac…

Evidence: moderate_human

Cetyl Myristoleate (CMO)

Fatty acid ester with anti-inflammatory and joint-lubricating properties. Modulates immune response by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase and modulating prostaglandin synthesis. Reduces joi…

Evidence: Limited-Moderate

Citrus Bergamot Extract

Contains brutieridin and melitidin — statin-like HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors from bergamot orange. Activates AMPK, improves lipid profiles (reduces LDL, increases HDL), and has an…

Evidence: Moderate-Strong

Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinol)

CoQ10 functions as an essential electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (Complex I to III and Complex II to III), directly supporting oxidative phosphorylati…

Evidence: strong_human

Collagen (Type I, II, III)

Hydrolyzed collagen peptides are absorbed as di- and tripeptides (primarily hydroxyproline-proline and hydroxyproline-glycine) via PepT1 transporters in the small intestine. These …

Evidence: moderate_human

Colostrum (Bovine)

First milk containing immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM), lactoferrin, growth factors (IGF-1, TGF-beta), and proline-rich polypeptides. Seals gut barrier, modulates immune function, e…

Evidence: Moderate

Curcumin (with Piperine/Liposomal)

Curcumin modulates over 100 molecular targets. Primary mechanisms include direct inhibition of NF-kB nuclear translocation (master inflammatory transcription factor), suppression o…

Evidence: strong_human

DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)

DHEA is the most abundant circulating steroid hormone, produced primarily by the adrenal zona reticularis. It serves as a precursor for both androgens (testosterone, DHT via 3beta-…

Evidence: moderate_human

DIM (Diindolylmethane)

DIM is formed from indole-3-carbinol (I3C, from cruciferous vegetables) via acid condensation in the stomach. It modulates estrogen metabolism by promoting the 2-hydroxylation path…

Evidence: moderate_human

Digestive Enzymes (Broad Spectrum)

Broad-spectrum digestive enzyme complexes supplement endogenous pancreatic and brush border enzyme production. Key enzymes include: lipase (triglyceride hydrolysis to fatty acids/g…

Evidence: strong_human

Dihydroberberine (GlucoVantage)

Active metabolite of berberine with 5x greater absorption. AMPK activator that improves insulin sensitivity, reduces hepatic glucose production, and modulates gut microbiome. More …

Evidence: Moderate

Diosmin + Hesperidin

Micronized flavonoid fraction that strengthens venous tone, reduces capillary permeability, and improves lymphatic drainage. Inhibits prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis. Used …

Evidence: Strong (venous insufficiency — prescription in EU)

Glucoraphanin (Broccoli Seed Extract)

Stable precursor to sulforaphane. Requires myrosinase enzyme (from gut bacteria or co-administered) for conversion. Provides sustained sulforaphane release compared to direct suppl…

Evidence: Moderate-Strong

Glucosamine + Chondroitin

Glucosamine serves as a substrate for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and proteoglycan biosynthesis in articular cartilage. It stimulates chondrocyte production of type II collagen and pro…

Evidence: moderate_human

Glycine + NAC (GlyNAC)

Combination that restores glutathione synthesis. Age-related glutathione deficiency is driven by glycine and cysteine precursor depletion, not enzyme dysfunction. GlyNAC corrects o…

Evidence: Strong

HMB

Leucine metabolite that reduces muscle protein breakdown and may support recovery under high training or caloric deficit conditions.

Evidence: Moderate

Inositol (Myo-Inositol + D-Chiro-Inositol)

Secondary messenger in insulin signaling cascade. Myo-inositol improves insulin sensitivity, reduces anxiety (via serotonin receptor modulation), and supports ovarian function. D-c…

Evidence: Strong (PCOS, anxiety), Moderate (general metabolic)

Luteolin

Flavone that modulates mast-cell activation, microglial signaling, and inflammatory cascades including NF-kB activity.

Evidence: Emerging

Melatonin

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is synthesized from serotonin in the pineal gland, regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) via the retinohypothalamic tract. It bind…

Evidence: strong_human

Milk Thistle (Silymarin)

Silymarin is a complex of flavonolignans (silybin A, silybin B, silychristin, silydianin, isosilybin) with silybin being the most active. Hepatoprotective mechanisms: stabilizes he…

Evidence: strong_human

NAC (N-Acetyl Cysteine)

NAC is a precursor to L-cysteine, the rate-limiting substrate for glutathione (GSH) synthesis via glutamate-cysteine ligase. It directly replenishes intracellular GSH, the master e…

Evidence: strong_human

NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)

NMN is a direct biosynthetic precursor to NAD+ via the salvage pathway enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Elevated NAD+ activates sirtuins (SIRT1-7), PARP DNA r…

Evidence: moderate_human

NR (Nicotinamide Riboside)

NR is converted to NMN by nicotinamide riboside kinases (NRK1/NRK2), then to NAD+ via the salvage pathway. Like NMN, elevated NAD+ activates sirtuins, PARPs, and CD38. NR has demon…

Evidence: Moderate-Strong

Nattokinase

Nattokinase is a fibrinolytic serine protease extracted from natto (fermented soybeans). It directly degrades fibrin (the structural protein of blood clots) through four mechanisms…

Evidence: moderate_human

Omega-3 (EPA/DHA)

EPA and DHA incorporate into cell membrane phospholipids, modulating membrane fluidity and lipid raft signaling. EPA competitively inhibits arachidonic acid conversion via COX-2 an…

Evidence: strong_human

PQQ

Redox-active quinone that supports mitochondrial biogenesis signaling and resilience under oxidative load.

Evidence: Moderate

PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)

PQQ activates PGC-1alpha via CREB phosphorylation, directly stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis — the formation of new mitochondria. It acts as a redox cycling agent capable of th…

Evidence: moderate_human

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)

Endocannabinoid-like lipid that activates PPAR-alpha and indirectly enhances endocannabinoid tone. Potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic without acting directly on CB1/CB2. Reduce…

Evidence: Strong

Pentadecanoic Acid (C15:0 / Fatty15)

Odd-chain saturated fatty acid identified as essential. Strengthens cell membranes by integrating into phospholipid bilayer, activates AMPK and PPAR-alpha/delta, and inhibits mTOR.…

Evidence: Emerging

Phosphatidylserine

Major phospholipid component of neuronal cell membranes (15-20% of total phospholipid pool) that maintains membrane fluidity and supports signal transduction. Serves as a cofactor …

Evidence: strong_human

Phosphatidylserine (PS)

Phospholipid concentrated in brain cell membranes. Supports neurotransmitter production (acetylcholine, dopamine), cortisol regulation, and membrane fluidity. Improves cognitive fu…

Evidence: Moderate-Strong

Pregnenolone

Pregnenolone is the 'master steroid' synthesized from cholesterol via CYP11A1 (side-chain cleavage enzyme) in adrenal glands, gonads, and brain. It serves as the biosynthetic precu…

Evidence: moderate_human

Probiotics (Multi-Strain)

Multi-strain probiotics colonize the gut mucosa and exert effects via multiple mechanisms: competitive exclusion of pathogens, production of short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, prop…

Evidence: strong_human

Pterostilbene

Dimethylated analog of resveratrol with 4x greater oral bioavailability. Activates SIRT1 and AMPK, reduces oxidative stress, and improves lipid profiles. Superior pharmacokinetics …

Evidence: Moderate

Pycnogenol

Polyphenol-rich French maritime pine bark extract that improves endothelial nitric oxide signaling, capillary tone, and oxidative defense.

Evidence: Moderate

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ)

Redox cofactor that stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis via PGC-1alpha activation. Potent antioxidant (5000x more efficient than vitamin C in redox cycling). Supports nerve growth …

Evidence: Moderate

Quercetin

Quercetin is a flavonoid that inhibits mast cell degranulation and histamine release, functions as a potent senolytic (selectively clearing senescent cells) when combined with dasa…

Evidence: moderate_human

R-Alpha Lipoic Acid

Redox-active cofactor that supports mitochondrial dehydrogenase complexes, glutathione recycling, and glucose disposal.

Evidence: Moderate

Resveratrol

Resveratrol activates SIRT1 (the longevity sirtuin) via allosteric binding, promoting deacetylation of PGC-1alpha (mitochondrial biogenesis), FOXO3 (stress resistance), and p53 (DN…

Evidence: moderate_human

Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens)

Saw palmetto berry extract contains fatty acids (lauric acid, oleic acid, myristic acid) and phytosterols (beta-sitosterol) that inhibit both isoforms of 5-alpha-reductase (types I…

Evidence: moderate_human

Serrapeptase

Serrapeptase (serratiopeptidase) is a proteolytic enzyme originally isolated from the gut of the silkworm (Serratia marcescens). It hydrolyzes non-living tissue including fibrin, b…

Evidence: moderate_human

Shilajit (Purified)

Fulvic acid-rich mineral complex that enhances mitochondrial CoQ10 function, increases testosterone (via FSH), and acts as a potent electron carrier in the ETC. Enhances bioavailab…

Evidence: Moderate

Sulforaphane (Broccoli Seed Extract)

Sulforaphane is the most potent natural activator of the Nrf2-ARE (antioxidant response element) pathway. It modifies Keap1 cysteine residues, releasing Nrf2 to translocate to the …

Evidence: strong_human

Sulforaphane (from Broccoli Sprout Extract)

Isothiocyanate that activates Nrf2 — the master regulator of antioxidant defense. Upregulates glutathione synthesis, phase II detoxification enzymes, and heat shock proteins. Also …

Evidence: Strong

TUDCA

Hydrophilic bile acid that stabilizes hepatocyte membranes, supports bile flow, and reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress. Often used in higher-load liver support and lipid-heavy pr…

Evidence: Moderate

TUDCA (Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid)

TUDCA is a water-soluble bile acid conjugate (taurine + ursodeoxycholic acid) with potent hepatoprotective and cytoprotective properties. It inhibits the mitochondrial pathway of a…

Evidence: Moderate-Strong

Tributyrin (Butyrate Prodrug)

Tributyrin is a triglyceride form of butyrate — a short-chain fatty acid critical for colonocyte health. HDAC inhibitor that supports gut barrier integrity, reduces intestinal infl…

Evidence: Moderate

Urolithin A

Gut metabolite of ellagitannins that activates mitophagy — selective clearance of damaged mitochondria. Improves mitochondrial function, muscle endurance, and cellular energy produ…

Evidence: Moderate-Strong

Wobenzym (Systemic Enzyme Complex)

Combination of bromelain, papain, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pancreatin. Systemic enzyme therapy that degrades circulating immune complexes, reduces fibrin deposition, modulates cy…

Evidence: Moderate

Training Compounds (19)

Beetroot Nitrate Extract

Provides dietary nitrate to support nitric oxide generation, blood flow efficiency, and endurance economy.

Evidence: Strong

Beetroot Powder (Nitrates)

Beetroot provides dietary nitrate (NO3-) which is reduced to nitrite (NO2-) by oral commensal bacteria (Veillonella, Rothia), then further reduced to nitric oxide (NO) in acidic/hy…

Evidence: strong_human

Betaine (TMG / Trimethylglycine)

Betaine (trimethylglycine) serves as a methyl donor in the betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) reaction, converting homocysteine to methionine — this is the alternative m…

Evidence: moderate_human

Caffeine (Anhydrous)

Caffeine is a methylxanthine that primarily acts as a competitive adenosine A1 and A2A receptor antagonist. By blocking adenosine's inhibitory effects on neural activity, caffeine …

Evidence: strong_human

Creatine Monohydrate

Creatine is phosphorylated by creatine kinase to phosphocreatine (PCr), which serves as a rapid phosphate donor to regenerate ATP from ADP during high-intensity, short-duration act…

Evidence: strong_human

EAAs (Essential Amino Acids)

The 9 essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine) cannot be synthesized endogenously and must be consum…

Evidence: strong_human

Ecdysterone (Beta-Ecdysterone)

Phytoecdysteroid that activates estrogen receptor beta (ER-beta) to stimulate protein synthesis via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Enhances muscle protein synthesis without androgenic effec…

Evidence: Moderate

Electrolyte Complex (Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium)

Electrolytes maintain critical physiological functions: Sodium (Na+) is the principal extracellular cation regulating plasma volume, blood pressure (via RAAS system), nerve impulse…

Evidence: strong_human

Epicatechin

Cacao-derived flavanol that inhibits myostatin and increases follistatin, shifting the balance toward muscle growth. Also stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and nitric oxide produ…

Evidence: Moderate

Essential Amino Acids

Provides the full substrate set required for muscle protein synthesis, especially useful when whole-protein feeding is constrained.

Evidence: Strong

Glycerol Monostearate

Hyperhydration support ingredient that can increase fluid retention before prolonged heat or endurance work.

Evidence: Emerging

HICA

Leucine metabolite studied for soreness reduction and anti-catabolic effects during intense training blocks.

Evidence: Emerging

Hydrolyzed Cluster Dextrin

Low-osmolality cyclic glucose polymer that supports gastric emptying and intra-session carbohydrate delivery with less GI burden than many simpler carbs.

Evidence: Moderate

Leucine

Branched-chain amino acid that directly stimulates mTORC1 signaling and helps trigger muscle protein synthesis when protein meals are under-dosed.

Evidence: Strong

Peak ATP (Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate Disodium)

Oral ATP supplement that increases extracellular ATP levels, improving blood flow via purinergic receptor activation on endothelial cells. Enhances muscular excitability, recovery,…

Evidence: Moderate

Sodium Bicarbonate

Extracellular buffer that increases bicarbonate availability and can improve repeated high-intensity performance by delaying acidosis.

Evidence: Strong

Tart Cherry Extract

Tart cherry (Prunus cerasus) is rich in anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside) and proanthocyanidins that inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes (comparable to ibuprof…

Evidence: moderate_human

Velositol

Amylopectin chromium complex marketed to amplify muscle protein synthesis signaling when combined with protein.

Evidence: Emerging

Whey Protein Isolate

Whey protein isolate (WPI) provides a rapidly digested, complete protein (~90-95% protein by weight) with the highest leucine content (~11% by weight) of any protein source. Leucin…

Evidence: strong_human

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