Nootropics
Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal
Enhances high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) via a unique mechanism distinct from other racetams — it increases HACU even in damaged cholinergic neurons, suggesting a choline uptake enhancement rather than mere stimulation. This HACU enhancement persists even after the compound has been cleared, indicating a lasting modification of choline transporter activity. Also shows affinity for AMPA receptors.
Standard: 20-80 mg/day divided into 2-3 doses
Maintenance: 20-40 mg/day
Administration: oralsublingual
Timing: Morning and early afternoon. Sublingual administration may provide faster onset. With or without food.
Duration: Cycles of 4-8 weeks on, 2-4 weeks off
Originally developed by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma for Alzheimer's but shelved after Phase 2a trials showed insufficient efficacy. Users consistently report enhanced color vision and visual clarity — a unique effect among racetams. Evidence base is thin (mostly animal studies and Phase 2 trial data). The lasting HACU enhancement is the most interesting pharmacological property.
Research chemical — no pharmaceutical-grade product exists. Source from vendors with third-party CoA and HPLC verification. Low doses required, so purity is critical. Sublingual solutions may offer better bioavailability.
Take the free assessment and get personalized recommendations based on your biology and goals.
Get Your Free Protocolor take the assessment →