Omega-3 (EPA/DHA) vs Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens)

Mechanism

EPA and DHA incorporate into cell membrane phospholipids, modulating membrane fluidity and lipid raft signaling. EPA competitively inhibits arachidonic acid conversion via COX-2 and 5-LOX, reducing pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (PGE2, LTB4) while generating anti-inflammatory resolvins and protectins. DHA is critical for neuronal membrane integrity, modulating BDNF expression and synaptic plasticity via Nrf2 and NF-kB pathways.

Standard Dosing

2-4g combined EPA/DHA daily (targeting 2:1 EPA:DHA ratio for inflammation; 1:1 for cognitive)

Timing

With meals containing fat for absorption. Split dose AM/PM.

Cycle Duration

ongoing

Side Effects

• Fishy burps/aftertaste
• Mild GI upset
• Loose stools at high doses
• Potential increased LDL in some individuals

Contraindications

• Active bleeding disorders
• Scheduled surgery (discontinue 2 weeks prior)
• Fish/shellfish allergy (use algal-derived)

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Mechanism

Saw palmetto berry extract contains fatty acids (lauric acid, oleic acid, myristic acid) and phytosterols (beta-sitosterol) that inhibit both isoforms of 5-alpha-reductase (types I and II), reducing conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). It also exhibits anti-androgenic activity by competing with DHT at androgen receptor binding sites. Additional mechanisms include: inhibition of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase (anti-inflammatory in prostate tissue), induction of apoptosis in prostate epithelial cells, and relaxation of bladder smooth muscle via alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonism.

Standard Dosing

320mg daily (standardized to 85-95% fatty acids and sterols)

Timing

With food (fat-soluble lipophilic extract). Morning or evening.

Cycle Duration

Minimum 3 months to assess response; ongoing for maintenance

Side Effects

• Mild GI discomfort
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Rare: erectile dysfunction (DHT reduction)
• Rare: liver injury (case reports)

Contraindications

• Pregnancy (anti-androgenic — teratogenic potential for male fetus)
• Hormone-sensitive conditions (complex hormone modulation)
• Children

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