Side-by-side comparison of mechanisms, dosing, interactions, and stacking potential.
| KPV | SS-31 (Elamipretide) | |
|---|---|---|
| Category | Peptides | Peptides |
| Standard Dose | Research indicates 200-500 mcg daily via subcutaneous injection, or 500 mcg-1 mg orally for gut-targeted inflammation. | Research indicates 0.05-0.25 mg/kg daily via subcutaneous injection. Clinical trials used 4-40 mg/day IV or SC. |
| Timing | Oral dosing on empty stomach for gut-targeted effects. No strict timing for subcutaneous. | Morning dosing preferred. No food timing restrictions. |
| Cycle Duration | 4-12 weeks. Oral protocols for gut inflammation may extend longer under supervision. | Clinical trials ranged from single dose to 48 weeks. Optimal cycle length not established. |
| Evidence Level | animal_plus_anecdotal | Emerging (Phase 2/3 trials) |
KPV (Lysine-Proline-Valine) is a C-terminal tripeptide fragment of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) that inhibits NF-kB signaling through a non-melanocortin receptor-mediated mechanism. It is transported intracellularly via the PepT1 transporter, where it stabilizes IkB-alpha and suppresses nuclear translocation of p65RelA by competing with importin-beta at the armadillo domain 7 and 8 binding site. It also reduces MAPK inflammatory signaling and IL-8 secretion in intestinal epithelial cells.
Research indicates 200-500 mcg daily via subcutaneous injection, or 500 mcg-1 mg orally for gut-targeted inflammation.
Oral dosing on empty stomach for gut-targeted effects. No strict timing for subcutaneous.
4-12 weeks. Oral protocols for gut inflammation may extend longer under supervision.
SS-31 (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2, also known as elamipretide/Bendavia) is a cell-permeable tetrapeptide that localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane and binds cardiolipin via electrostatic interactions. This stabilizes cardiolipin against oxidative damage, preserving cristae integrity, reducing ROS production, and maintaining mitochondrial ATP production. SS-31 interacts with proteins in two functional groups: oxidative phosphorylation complexes and 2-oxoglutarate metabolic enzymes — all known cardiolipin binders. It restores mitochondrial function without acting as a direct antioxidant.
Research indicates 0.05-0.25 mg/kg daily via subcutaneous injection. Clinical trials used 4-40 mg/day IV or SC.
Morning dosing preferred. No food timing restrictions.
Clinical trials ranged from single dose to 48 weeks. Optimal cycle length not established.
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