NR (Nicotinamide Riboside) vs PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)

Mechanism

NR is converted to NMN by nicotinamide riboside kinases (NRK1/NRK2), then to NAD+ via the salvage pathway. Like NMN, elevated NAD+ activates sirtuins, PARPs, and CD38. NR has demonstrated ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and elevate brain NAD+ levels. It supports mitochondrial function, DNA repair, and circadian rhythm regulation through SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of BMAL1 and CLOCK proteins.

Standard Dosing

300-600mg daily

Timing

Morning with or without food.

Cycle Duration

ongoing

Side Effects

• Mild nausea
• Warmth/flushing (mild)
• GI upset
• Fatigue in some during initial days

Contraindications

• Active cancer (same theoretical NAD+ concern as NMN)
• Pregnancy/lactation
• Theoretical cancer concern shared with NMN

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Mechanism

PQQ activates PGC-1alpha via CREB phosphorylation, directly stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis — the formation of new mitochondria. It acts as a redox cycling agent capable of thousands of catalytic oxidation-reduction cycles (compared to ~4 for vitamin C), providing exceptional antioxidant capacity. PQQ also modulates NMDA receptor signaling and promotes nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis, supporting neuronal health and cognitive function.

Standard Dosing

10-20mg daily

Timing

With breakfast. Can combine in same meal with CoQ10.

Cycle Duration

ongoing

Side Effects

• Rare: headache
• Mild GI discomfort at higher doses
• Insomnia if taken late

Contraindications

• Pregnancy/lactation (insufficient safety data)

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