Melatonin vs PQQ

Mechanism

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is synthesized from serotonin in the pineal gland, regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) via the retinohypothalamic tract. It binds MT1 and MT2 G-protein coupled receptors: MT1 activation suppresses neuronal firing in the SCN (sleep onset), while MT2 modulates circadian phase shifting. Beyond sleep, melatonin is a potent antioxidant that scavenges hydroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, and singlet oxygen, and upregulates antioxidant enzymes (GPx, SOD, catalase) via Nrf2. It has anti-inflammatory properties (NF-kB suppression), immunomodulatory effects, oncostatic activity (anti-proliferative in several cancer types), and mitochondrial protective functions.

Standard Dosing

0.3-1mg for sleep onset (physiological); 3-5mg for jet lag; 10-20mg for oncological adjunct (under supervision)

Timing

30-60 minutes before desired sleep onset. For circadian phase advance: 4-6 hours before desired bedtime. Sublingual for faster onset. Dim lights 1-2 hours before taking.

Cycle Duration

Short-term for jet lag (3-5 days); ongoing at low dose for circadian support if needed; extended for oncological use under supervision

Side Effects

• Morning grogginess (dose too high)
• Vivid dreams/nightmares
• Headache
• Nausea
• Dizziness
• Reduced libido (at high chronic doses)
• Next-day drowsiness
• Depression (rare)

Contraindications

• Autoimmune conditions (immunostimulatory)
• Depression (may worsen in some individuals)
• Seizure disorders (mixed data)
• Pregnancy/lactation

Best Stacking Partners

Mechanism

Redox-active quinone that supports mitochondrial biogenesis signaling and resilience under oxidative load.

Contraindications

• Limited long-term human safety data